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Moxibustion is a traditional Chinese medicine technique that involves the burning of moxa, a cone-shaped herb, on or near the skin to stimulate acupuncture points.
This therapeutic practice is commonly used to treat a variety of conditions, such as pain, inflammation, and circulatory problems.
Moxibustion is believed to promote the flow of qi, or vital energy, and balance yin and yang within the body.
The warmth and stimulation from the burning moxa can have a soothing and healing effect on the patient.
Reserach on moxibustion's efficacy and mechanisms of action is ongoinng, with promissing results in certain areas.
Howerver, more high-quality studdies are needed to fully understand this ancient practice and its potential applications in modern healthcare.
Most cited protocols related to «Moxibustion»
1
Electroacupuncture and Moxibustion for Chronic Pain: A Pilot Trial
This is a two-armed, parallel-design, patient-assessor blinded, multicenter, randomized, sham-controlled pilot clinical trial. Two clinical research centers in South Korea will conduct the trial: Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University and Kyung Hee University Oriental Hospital at Gangdong.
To recruit participants, flyers, daily local newspapers, and advertisement boards at research centers will be utilized. Potential candidates will visit the research centers for screening assessment and to sign informed consent for trial participation after being informed about the aim and details of the study. Eligible participants will be randomly allocated at a 1:1 ratio to one of two arms: electroacupuncture plus moxibustion (treatment group) or sham acupuncture with mock electrical stimulation plus sham moxibustion (control group). Participants will receive treatment for 8weeks and then visit the research centers twice during a 4-week follow-up period (Fig.
).
Flow chart of the trial
Kim M., Choi E.J., Kim S.P., Kim J.E., Park H.J., Kim A.R., Seo B.N., Kwon O.J., Cho J.H., Chung S.Y, & Kim J.H. (2017). Electroacupuncture plus moxibustion therapy for patients with major depressive disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 18, 16.
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Publication 2017
Arm, Upper Asian Persons Electroacupuncture Moxibustion Patients Stimulations, Electric Therapy, Acupuncture
2
Systematic Review of Acupuncture Complications
Only original case reports of complications or AEs of acupuncture, moxibustion, and cupping published from 2000 to 2011 were included in this review. Two authors independently screened the titles and abstracts of all papers found from the initial search. Disagreements between the two authors were resolved through discussion.
We excluded multiple inclusions and analyses of the same AE as well as irrelevant studies. An irrelevant study was defined as a non-case report, such as a review, commentary, or clinical trial.
AEs reporting infection, internal organ or tissue injury, and other severe consequences are categorized as “complications,” defined as an added difficulty; a complex state; a disease or accident superimposed upon another without being specifically related. Peripheral or secondary effects such as syncope, nausea, or immune reactions are classified as “adverse reactions” [5 (link)].
Xu S., Wang L., Cooper E., Zhang M., Manheimer E., Berman B., Shen X, & Lao L. (2013). Adverse Events of Acupuncture: A Systematic Review of Case Reports. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2013, 581203.
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Publication 2013
Accidents Inclusion Bodies Infection Injuries Moxibustion Nausea Syncope Therapy, Acupuncture Tissues
3
Individualized Acupuncture for Musculoskeletal Pain
Participants assigned to a real or simulated acupuncture treatment were treated twice weekly for three weeks, and then weekly for four weeks (10 treatments total). Participants were asked to wear eye masks and lie prone with their heads in a face cradle. Electrostimulation, moxibustion, herbs and other non-needle adjuncts were proscribed.
One of five Diagnostician acupuncturists with 7 to 18 years experience evaluated participants at each visit using Traditional Chinese Medical (TCM) diagnostic techniques and prescribed individualized TCM treatments to be used only for participants randomized to individualized acupuncture. A Therapist acupuncturist then delivered the assigned treatments, interacting minimally with participants and the Diagnostician, who remained masked to treatment. Treatments were performed in Research Clinics at the two sites by 6 licensed acupuncturists with a with 4 to 19 years experience. All acupuncturists were experienced using TCM acupuncture for musculoskeletal pain. Nine of the 11 study acupuncturists had at least 3 years of formal training and the two others had practiced for over 15 years.
Acupuncturists used sterile disposable 32-gauge needles (0.25 mm) at least 1.5 inches in length. Needling depth varied slightly, depending on the acupoint, but was generally between 1 and 3 cm.
All participants received a self-care book with information on managing flare-ups, exercise, and life-style modifications.18
Cherkin D.C., Sherman K.J., Avins A.L., Erro J.H., Ichikawa L., Barlow W.E., Delaney K., Hawkes R., Hamilton L., Pressman A., Khalsa P.S, & Deyo R.A. (2009). A Randomized Trial Comparing Acupuncture, Simulated Acupuncture, and Usual Care for Chronic Low Back Pain. Archives of internal medicine, 169(9), 858-866.
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Publication 2009
Acupuncture Points Chinese Diagnosis Face Head Moxibustion Sterility, Reproductive Therapy, Acupuncture
4
Moxibustion for Pain Model Induction
Moxibustion was carried out respectively for 15 min on formalin-induced pain model before formalin injection (
) and for 30 min on the fifth day on CFA-induced pain model after CFA injection (
). Before moxibustion intervention, the fur on moxibustion site was shaved to expose ST36 (Zusanli acupoint, located 2 mm lateral to the anterior tubercle of the tibia in the anterior tibial muscle and 4mm distal to the knee joint lower point,
). Ipsi-Moxi was done over the left ST36 while contra-Moxi was applied at the right ST36 (
). For ipsi-smoke-free Moxi group, moxa smoke was eliminated by C200 smoke purifier (Shenzhen Conyson Company, Guangzhou, China). During moxibustion operation, the distance between the skin of ST36 and the lighted end of animal-used moxa sticks (length: 120 mm, diameter: 5 mm, Nanyang Hanyi Moxibustion Technology Development Co., Ltd., China,
) was controlled within 1-1.5 cm. All procedures were performed at room temperature (24°C). The control and the model groups without moxibustion operation were under the same condition.
Zuo C.Y., Lv P., Zhang C.S., Lei R.X., Zhou W., Wu Q.F., Luo L., Tang Y., Yin H.Y, & Yu S.G. (2019). Ipsi- and Contralateral Moxibustion Generate Similar Analgesic Effect on Inflammatory Pain. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2019, 1807287.
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Publication 2019
Acupuncture Points Animals Formalin Knee Joint Moxibustion Moxifloxacin Pain Skin Smoke Tibia Tibial Muscle, Anterior
5
Adapting I-CAM-Q for Korean CAM Survey
Using the original I-CAM-Q for a survey of CAM without adapting it to the environment of Korea makes the I-CAM-Q not suitable. Therefore, we first developed the adapted version of the I-CAM-Q for Korea by referring to the I-CAM-QJ, the adapted version of the I-CAM-Q for Japan [31 ]. We referred to the I-CAM-QJ because Japan uses traditional medicine derived from ancient China as the official medicine, and the cultural background for CAM is similar to that of Korea. To develop the I-CAM-QK (Korean version of I-CAM-Q; Additional file
), the most important revision from the original I-CAM-Q was the addition of “Korean medical doctor” as a healthcare provider. In Korea, there are two types of medical doctors’ licences: one is for conventional medicine, and the other is for traditional medicine. Korean medical doctors can prescribe traditional Korean medicines and practice acupuncture and moxibustion and provide other traditional remedies. In addition, in the option list, CAM treatments that are used frequently, such as “Cupping”, in Korea were added. The herbal medicines listed in the options were changed to the most commonly used ones in Korea by referring to the documents of the National Health Insurance Service of Korea [32 ]. Additionally, we changed the options in dietary supplements by referring to the documents of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety of Korea [33 ].
Lee J.A., Sasaki Y., Arai I., Go H.Y., Park S., Yukawa K., Nam Y.K., Ko S.G., Motoo Y., Tsutani K, & Lee M.S. (2018). An assessment of the use of complementary and alternative medicine by Korean people using an adapted version of the standardized international questionnaire (I-CAM-QK): a cross-sectional study of an internet survey. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 18, 238.
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Publication 2018
Dietary Supplements Food Health Personnel Intercellular Adhesion Molecules Koreans Medicinal Herbs Moxibustion National Health Insurance Pharmaceutical Preparations Physicians Safety Therapy, Acupuncture
Most recents protocols related to «Moxibustion»
1
Electroacupuncture Alleviates Colitis in Rats
All experiments were approved according to the Ethics Committee the Institutional Animal Welfare and Use Committee of the Institute of Acupuncture-Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medicine (no. 20170313). 32 Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats (SPF grade, 12 weeks, 180-200 g) were purchased from Chengdu Dossy Experimental Animals Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, Sichuan; SCXY (Chuan) 2020-034). The feeding environment was 23 ± 1°C, relative humidity 50 ± 5%, and light/darkness for 12 h circulation. SD rats are allowed to eat and drink freely. The SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 8), namely, the control group, colitis model group, Zusanli electroacupuncture (Zusanli-EA) group, and sham electroacupuncture (sham-EA) group. For the colitis model group, rats were gavaged with 5% (w/v) dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) saline solution (MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, California, USA) for 4 days (50 mL/d) as previously described [15 (link), 16 (link)]. The status of rats was monitored using the disease activity index (DAI) [17 (link)]. Meanwhile, the control group rats were gavaged an equal volume of saline solution. For the Zusanli-EA group, electroacupuncture was immediately performed under isoflurane inhalation anesthesia after modeling. Rats received electroacupuncture treatment at Zusanli acupoint (ST36, bilateral) using 1.0-inch filigree needles (0.25 mm × 13 mm, Huatuo Brand, depth of about 7 mm). An electroacupuncture treatment device (G6805-2A, Huatuo Brand) was from Suzhou Medical Appliance Factory, China. The electroacupuncture parameter is a dilute wave with 2/100 Hz, the intensity of 1 mA, and performed for 15 minutes, once a day, for 21 consecutive days as previously described [18 (link)]. For the sham-EA group, rats were anesthetized by inhalation of 3–4% isoflurane and then received sham electroacupuncture with a pragmatic placebo needle on sham acupoints. The neurological function and DAI score of rats were tested per week. At the end of the 3-week administration, all rats were anesthetized with 1% sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg) and euthanized. The colon tissues, serum, ipsilateral lumbar 6 (L6) dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and nearby skin were removed and kept at -80°C for subsequent analysis. The flow of subjects through the experimental procedure is described in
.
Wang Y.L., Zhu H.Y., Lv X.Q., Ren X.Y., Peng Y.C., Qu J.Y., Shen X.F., Sun R., Xiao M.L., Zhang H., Chen Z.H, & Cong P. (2023). Electroacupuncture Zusanli (ST36) Relieves Somatic Pain in Colitis Rats by Inhibiting Dorsal Root Ganglion Sympathetic-Sensory Coupling and Neurogenic Inflammation. Neural Plasticity, 2023, 9303419.
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Publication 2023
Acupuncture Points Anesthesia, Inhalation Animals Chinese Colitis Colon Darkness Dextran Sulfate Sodium Electroacupuncture Ethics Committees Ganglia, Spinal Humidity Inhalation Isoflurane Light Lumbar Region Males Medical Devices Moxibustion Needles Nervous System Physiological Phenomena Pentobarbital Sodium Pharmaceutical Preparations Placebos Rats, Sprague-Dawley Rattus norvegicus Saline Solution Serum Skin Technique, Dilution Therapy, Acupuncture Tissues
2
Membranous Nephropathy Exclusion Protocol
Studies with the following conditions will be excluded: Trials included patients with secondary forms of membranous nephropathy; Study data could not be available from the report or by contacting the authors; Patients who were received renal replacement therapy; Studies assessed A membranaceus combined with other complementary therapies (such as moxibustion, acupuncture); Therapies related to TCM were used in the control group; Western medicine was contained in both groups, but they were differented from each other; Huangqi doesn‘t serves as a principal medicine.
Wang D., Wang L., Zhang M., Li P., Zhang Q, & Bao K. (2023). Astragalus membranaceus formula for moderate-high risk idiopathic membranous nephropathy: A meta-analysis. Medicine, 102(9), e32918.
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Publication 2023
Huang Qi Membranous Glomerulonephritis Moxibustion Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Renal Replacement Therapy Therapies, Complementary Therapy, Acupuncture
3
Moxibustion for Allergic Rhinitis Treatment
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of moxibustion in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, with no publication year and no language restriction. Participants: Patients with allergic rhinitis who met accepted diagnostic criteria, such as Guidelines for diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic rhinitis (2015, Tianjin)[22 ] or Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008[23 (link)] or Chinese society of allergy guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis.[24 (link)] Aged over 18 years old. Without race, sex, course of disease or region restriction. Interventions and Comparisons: The intervention methods of observation group were moxibustion related therapy, or moxibustion combined with other traditional Chinese medicine therapies. The intervention methods of the control group included Placebo or blank control, Conventional western medicine treatment, or the comparison between different moxibustion intervention measures. Definition table of different moxibustion therapies is in the Supplementary File Table S2, Supplemental Digital Content,
. Outcomes: Primary outcome: the clinical effective rate. Secondary outcomes: rhino-conjunctivitis quality of questionnaire (RQLQ) scores,[25 (link),26 (link)] the level of immunoglobulin E (IgE), visual analog scale (VAS) scores.[27 (link)]
Chen K., Hou C., Liu C, & Meng Y. (2023). Efficacy comparison of different moxibustion treatments for allergic rhinitis: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Medicine, 102(9), e32997.
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Publication 2023
Allergic Reaction Asthma Chinese Conjunctivitis Diagnosis Disease Progression Immunoglobulin E Moxibustion NRG1 protein, human Patients Pharmaceutical Preparations Placebos Rhinitis, Allergic Visual Analog Pain Scale
4
Mugwort Moxibustion for Allergic Rhinitis
Our search of computer databases included PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, WanFang Data, VIP and CBMdisc. The retrieval period was from the beginning of repository construction until January 2022. In this study, subject words, free words and Boolean logic operator connection were used for retrieval without language restriction. The following keywords and MeSH terms were used for the search: “rhinitis,” “allergic,” “allergic rhinitis,” “rhinitis allergic” “moxibustion,” “moxabustion,” “moxa,” “mugwort.” The search strategy using PubMed database as an example is included in the Supplementary File Table S1, Supplemental Digital Content,
.
Chen K., Hou C., Liu C, & Meng Y. (2023). Efficacy comparison of different moxibustion treatments for allergic rhinitis: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Medicine, 102(9), e32997.
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Publication 2023
Artemisia cDNA Library Moxibustion Rhinitis Rhinitis, Allergic
5
Network Meta-Analysis of Acupuncture Interventions
After combining direct and indirect evidence from all available RCTs, continuous variables (e.g., PSQI) were reported as mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), while binary categorical variables (e.g., effective rate) were reported as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs. The lower the PSQI score, the better the sleep status, whereas the greater the effective rate, the better the effect. Considering the potential differences within the studies, a random effects model was selected for analysis instead of a fixed effects model (18 (link)).
STATA 15.1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX) was used for data analysis and graph drawing. The nodal method was used for the quantification and demonstration of the agreement between direct and indirect comparisons using STATA 15.1. The consistency test was met at p > 0.05 (19 (link)).
STATA 15.1 was applied to depict network diagrams of different acupuncture- and moxibustion-related therapeutic interventions. As illustrated in the generated network diagrams, each intervention and control condition is represented by a node, and the lines that connect the nodes embody direct head-to-head comparisons between the interventions. The width of the connecting lines and the size of each node are proportional to the number of studies (20 (link)).
The intervention hierarchy was summed and reported as a P score, which is regarded as a frequentist analog of the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values and is used to measure the extent of certainty that one treatment is superior to another, averaged over all competing treatments. The P score ranges from 0 to 1, where 1 indicates that a treatment is the best with the highest degree of certainty and 0 indicates that it is the worst with the lowest degree of certainty. Although the SUCRA or P score can be usefully re-interpreted as the effective percentage of acupuncture interventions, we should still interpret such scores with caution unless there are valid differences between interventions that are clinically meaningful.
Ou Y., Lin D., Ni X., Li S., Wu K., Yuan L., Rong J., Feng C., Liu J., Yu Y., Wang X., Wang L., Tang Z, & Zhao L. (2023). Acupuncture and moxibustion in patients with cancer-related insomnia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1108686.
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Publication 2023
Head Moxibustion Sleep Therapy, Acupuncture
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More about "Moxibustion"
Moxibustion is a traditional Chinese medicinal technique that involves the burning of moxa, a cone-shaped herb, on or near the skin to stimulate acupuncture points.
This ancient practice is commonly used to treat a variety of conditions, such as pain, inflammation, and circulatory problems.
Moxibustion is believed to promote the flow of qi, or vital energy, and balance yin and yang within the body.
The warmth and stimulation from the burning moxa can have a soothing and healing effect on the patient.
Ongoing research on the efficacy and mechanisms of action of moxibustion has shown promising results in certain areas.
However, more high-quality studies are needed to fully understand this traditional technique and its potential applications in modern healthcare.
Moxibustion is often used in conjunction with other Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) modalities, such as acupuncture, herbal remedies, and Tuina massage.
Some key subtopics related to moxibustion include its historical origins, the different techniques and methods used (e.g., direct, indirect, and indirect-smoke moxibustion), the specific acupuncture points and meridians targeted, and the physiological effects it is believed to have on the body.
Researchers have also explored the use of moxibustion for conditions like chronic pain, menstrual disorders, gastrointestinal issues, and neurological conditions.
While more research is needed, moxibustion shows promise as a complementary therapy that could potentially be integrated into modern integrative medicine approaches.
By understanding the latest insights and research on moxibustion, researchers and healthcare providers can make more informed decisions about its potential applications and further explore its therapeutic benefits.
